Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient due to lack of training and fire often fell short. On this portion of the battle front, the Allied line was established east of the village of Kemmel and on the important high ground at Mount Kemmel (Kemmelberg).
On 21 October, it had been cloudy and attempts to reconnoitre the German positions during the afternoon had not observed any German troops movements; the arrival of four new German reserve corps was discovered by prisoner statements, wireless interception and the increasing power of German attacks; 5 1⁄2 infantry corps were now known to be north of the Lys, along with the four cavalry corps, against 7 1⁄3 British divisions and five allied cavalry divisions. The new British line ran 21 mi (34 km) from Wytschaete to the La Bassée Canal at Givenchy. To coordinate this new maneuver, he appointed Gen. Ferdinand Foch as his deputy in the north. The second, by the 2nd Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, drove the Germans out of the Nonne Bosschen. Of the approximately 12,000 British infantry who had landed at Zeebrugge a month before, only some 4,000 remained in fighting condition. Next day sluice gates on the coast at Nieuport were opened, which flooded the area between the Yser and the railway embankment, running north from Dixmude. [67], French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other.
From 6–7 October, the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge. The Prussian Guard attacked astride the Menin road, gaining the only real success achieved by the Germans during the November 11 offensive. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast movement is confined to roads, except during frosts. Next, on October 2, the newly formed French Tenth Army under Gen. Louis de Maud’huy tried a flanking attack farther north, but instead of being able to pass around the German right flank, Maud’huy soon found himself struggling desperately to hold Arras. [33], The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General Foch had been appointed commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord on 4 October by Joffre. Thoughts of outflanking the Germans were abandoned as it became clear that there was a very real danger of losing the Channel ports to a German advance. First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November 1914). The British IV Corps was attacked around Langemarck, where the 7th Division was able to repulse German attacks and I Corps was able to make a short advance. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The German 6th and 4th armies attacked from Armentières to Messines and Langemarck. [e] The Armeegruppe was rushed up to Deûlémont and Werviq, the boundary between the 6th and 4th armies, to attack towards Ypres and Poperinghe. When Joffre was informed of the situation, he dispatched the IX Corps to Ypres, a move that brought the opposing forces to near numerical parity. [4] On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the Siege of Namur demolished the forts. On 17 December, XVI and II corps did not attack, the French IX Corps sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and Bixschoote. This was a false notion, picked out of a translation of Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914 (1918), which the Official Historians used in lieu of authoritative sources, during the writing of the 1914 volumes of the British Official History, the first editions of which were published in 1922 and 1925. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the Battle of Łódź (16 November – 15 December).
General Erich von Falkenhayn, head of the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, German General Staff), then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and Mont Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November. Between 15–22 November, I Corps was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised. From 5–12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river, where the First Battle of the Aisne was fought from 13–28 September.
[68], German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914, Battle of Langemarck, from 21–24 October 1914, Fanciful painting of the 2nd Ox & Bucks, Nonne Bosschen, defeating the Prussian Guard, 1914 (.
The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV and Indian corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.
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