[14][105] Ratifications were exchanged at Liepāja on 2 November. [73], Against the Polish line the Red Army gathered its Northwest Front led by the young General Mikhail Tukhachevsky. "[73] Poland also suffered setbacks due to sabotage and delays in deliveries of war supplies, when workers in Czechoslovakia and Germany refused to transit such materials to Poland. [117] In response, Belarusian activists held a Congress of Representatives in Prague in the fall of 1921 to discuss the treaty. Richard Pipes, David Brandenberger, Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, One month before his death, Pilsudski told his aide: "My life is lost. [114] This internment worsened relations between Poland and its Ukrainian minority: those who supported Petliura were angered by the betrayal of their Polish ally, anger that grew stronger because of the assimilationist policies of nationalist inter-war Poland towards its minorities.
Several small nations of the region saw a chance for real independence and seized the opportunity to gain it;[19] Soviet Russia viewed its lost territories as rebellious provinces, vital for its security,[22] but did not have the resources to react swiftly. #film. Both the Soviet and Polish advances began around the same time in April (Polish forces started a major offensive on 16 April[14]), resulting in increasing numbers of troops arriving in the area. Maslovskaya was arrested in 1922,[118][119] and tried in 1923, along with 45 other participants, including a sister and brother of Maslovskaya and several teachers and professionals, but most were peasants. Polish forces in Ukraine managed to withdraw relatively unscathed, but were unable to support the northern front and reinforce the defences at the Auta River for the decisive battle that was soon to take place there. On the other hand, south of Warsaw, where the fate of the war was about to be decided, Tukhachevsky had left only token forces to guard the vital link between the Soviet north-west and south-west fronts. Petlura, in turn, was criticised by many Ukrainian politicians for entering a pact with the Poles and giving up on Western Ukraine. Poland as the largest and strongest of new states, could easily establish a sphere of influence stretching from Finland to the Caucasus. Poland gained a territory of around 200 kilometers east of its former border, the Curzon Line, which had been defined by an international commission after World War I. [132], Lieutenant Józef Kowalski, of Poland, was believed to be the last living veteran from this war. ", Materski, Wojciech. [134], This article is about the conflict of 1919–21.
On 5 October, the Soviets offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. Border skirmishes escalated following Piłsudski's Kiev Offensive in April 1920. In the wake of the Polish advance eastward, the Soviets sued for peace and the war ended with a cease-fire on 18 October 1920. The Polish delegation made a counter-offer on 2 October. In February 1919 they also set up a Lithuanian–Belorussian Republic (Litbel). [85] Grabski signed an agreement containing several terms: that Polish forces withdraw to the Curzon Line, which the Allies had published in December 1919, delineating Poland's ethnographic frontier; that it participate in a subsequent peace conference; and that the questions of sovereignty over Vilnius, Eastern Galicia, Cieszyn Silesia, and Danzig be remanded to the Allies. During the war, Polish decryption of Red Army radio messages made it possible to use small Polish military forces efficiently against Soviet Russian forces and to win many individual battles, most importantly the 1920 Battle of Warsaw.
"[77] Soviet Communist theorist Nikolay Bukharin, writer for the newspaper Pravda, wished for the resources to carry the campaign beyond Warsaw "right up to London and Paris". In 1569, in accordance with the terms of the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, some of the Ukrainian lands passed to the Polish Crown. The Polish 1st Army was defeated and forced to retreat, pursued by the Russian 15th Army, which recaptured territories between the Western Dvina and Berezina rivers. The Soviet South-west Front pushed the Polish forces out of Ukraine. The newest members of the mission achieved little; indeed, the crucial Battle of Warsaw was fought and won by the Poles before the mission could return and make its report. Piłsudski decided to ignore the Soviet proposals, to sign an alliance with Symon Petliura of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and to prepare the Kiev Offensive. [73], Due to insufficient forces, Poland's 320-kilometre-long (200 mi) front was manned by a thin line of 120,000 troops backed by some 460 artillery pieces with no strategic reserves. [65], Norman Davies shows the growth of Red Army forces on the Polish front in early 1920:[66], Among the commanders leading the Red Army in the coming offensive were Leon Trotsky, Tukhachevsky (new commander of the Western Front), Alexander Yegorov (new commander of the South-western Front) and the future Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin. The West Ukrainian People's Republic, led by Yevhen Petrushevych, had tried to create a Ukrainian state on territories to which both Poles and Ukrainians laid claim.
This created a hole in the lines of the Red Army, but at the same time opened the way to the Polish capital.
Some British and American military historians argue that the Soviet failure to destroy the Polish Army decisively ended Soviet ambitions for international revolution.
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